GROUP-TIONARY

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Free-rider Theory and Social Loafing

In the social psychology of groups, social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.^[1][2] This is seen as one of the main reasons groups are sometimes less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals, but should be distinguished from the coordination problems that groups sometime experience.

Social loafing is also associated with two concepts that are typically used to explain why it occurs: The "free-rider" theory and the resulting "sucker effect", which is an individual’s reduction in effort in order to avoid pulling the weight of a fellow group member.

Research on social loafing began with rope pulling experiments by Ringelmann, who found that members of a group tended to exert less effort into pulling a rope than did individuals alone. In more recent research, studies involving modern technology, such as online and distributed groups, has also shown clear evidence of social loafing. Many of the causes of social loafing stem from an individual feeling that his or her effort will not matter to the group. Therefore, effective ways to reduce social loafing involve increasing the motivation of individual group members or improving their coordination.

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If you want a good job to be done, just do it by yourself vs avoid stomach ulcers by free-riding in teams.

In the last medium group...

We divided in different kind of working-groups in order to finish this crossword puzzle.
Look at the crossword puzzle and the results below.

CROSSWORD

RESULTS

SOCIAL VALUE OF BEAUTY IN POLITICIANS

Just have a look at this Spanish newspaper column which refers to what we discussed in class last monday (16/05) about the social value of beauty in forming first impressions -remember S. Asch (1950)-. It is confirmed that beauty acts as a central trait to develop good images of the person-to-know becacuse it is cognitively linked in halo effect to other positive traits such as intelligence and cleanliness.

CLASS EXERCISE ON HALO EFFECT

RESULTS OF THE REPLICATED EXPERIMENT OF ASCH (1950) ON FIRST IMPRESSIONS IN ORDER TO PROVE HALO EFFECTS ON CENTRAL TRAITS:

FIRST EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION (“COLD” CENTRAL TRAIT): COMPETITIVE, SERIOUS, EDUCATED, SMART, DEMANDING, RATIONAL, ELEGANT, SELF-CONFIDENT, ANALYTICAL, FRIENDLY, COMPETITIVE, PIGHEADED, TIMID, COLD, SEXUALLY GOER, ACTIVE, STRONG PERSONALITY, CALCULATING, RESPECTFUL, INTELLIGENT, RESPECTFUL, MEAN, EGOCENTRIC, UNHAPPY, SERIOUS, GOOD, CONCEITED.

SECOND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION (“WARM” CENTRAL TRAIT): SELF-CONFIDENT, RATIONAL, CONSTANT, FRIENDLY, NICE, INTELLIGENT, GOOD, PLEASANT, COOPERATIVE, COMPETITIVE, EXTROVERT, TALKATIVE, CLOSE, EMPATHIC, HARD-WORKER, INTELLIGENT, KIND, SWEET, GULLIBLE, EXTROVERT, SUCCESSFUL, WELL-MANNERED, NICE, KIND, HONEST, NICE, HARD-WORKER.

NUMBER OF ADDED TRAITS	1ST COND. COLD	2ND COND. WARM
POSITIVE	12	28
NEGATIVE	15	2

CONTENT ANALYSIS: GREATER NEGATIVITY PERCEIVED IN 1^ST CONDITION “COLD” AND VICE VERSE.

CONCLUSION: INITIAL IMPRESSIONS WILL CONDITION BY HALO EFFECT THE ASSESSMENTS OF OTHERS ACCORDING TO CERTAIN CENTRAL TRAITS WHICH ARE CULTURALLY REINFORCED.