PSYCHOLOGY OF GROUPS (2013) ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (2013) Reader: Eduardo Infante, MPhil, PhD, MA
Tuesday, 7 June 2011
GROUP-TIONARY
ADD YOUR NEW WORDS WITHOUT REPEATING WORDS ALREADY WRITTEN!
Free-rider Theory and Social Loafing
Social loafing is also associated with two concepts that are typically used to explain why it occurs: The "free-rider" theory and the resulting "sucker effect", which is an individual’s reduction in effort in order to avoid pulling the weight of a fellow group member.
Research on social loafing began with rope pulling experiments by Ringelmann, who found that members of a group tended to exert less effort into pulling a rope than did individuals alone. In more recent research, studies involving modern technology, such as online and distributed groups, has also shown clear evidence of social loafing. Many of the causes of social loafing stem from an individual feeling that his or her effort will not matter to the group. Therefore, effective ways to reduce social loafing involve increasing the motivation of individual group members or improving their coordination.
Sunday, 5 June 2011
NEW DEBATE!!!
Saturday, 21 May 2011
In the last medium group...
Thursday, 19 May 2011
SOCIAL VALUE OF BEAUTY IN POLITICIANS
Wednesday, 18 May 2011
CLASS EXERCISE ON HALO EFFECT
RESULTS OF THE REPLICATED EXPERIMENT OF ASCH (1950) ON FIRST IMPRESSIONS IN ORDER TO PROVE HALO EFFECTS ON CENTRAL TRAITS:
FIRST EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION (“COLD” CENTRAL TRAIT): COMPETITIVE, SERIOUS, EDUCATED, SMART, DEMANDING, RATIONAL, ELEGANT, SELF-CONFIDENT, ANALYTICAL, FRIENDLY, COMPETITIVE, PIGHEADED, TIMID, COLD, SEXUALLY GOER, ACTIVE, STRONG PERSONALITY, CALCULATING, RESPECTFUL, INTELLIGENT, RESPECTFUL, MEAN, EGOCENTRIC, UNHAPPY, SERIOUS, GOOD, CONCEITED.
SECOND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION (“WARM” CENTRAL TRAIT): SELF-CONFIDENT, RATIONAL, CONSTANT, FRIENDLY, NICE, INTELLIGENT, GOOD, PLEASANT, COOPERATIVE, COMPETITIVE, EXTROVERT, TALKATIVE, CLOSE, EMPATHIC, HARD-WORKER, INTELLIGENT, KIND, SWEET, GULLIBLE, EXTROVERT, SUCCESSFUL, WELL-MANNERED, NICE, KIND, HONEST, NICE, HARD-WORKER.
NUMBER OF ADDED TRAITS | 1ST COND. COLD | 2ND COND. WARM |
POSITIVE | 12 | 28 |
NEGATIVE | 15 | 2 |
CONTENT ANALYSIS: GREATER NEGATIVITY PERCEIVED IN 1ST CONDITION “COLD” AND VICE VERSE.
CONCLUSION: INITIAL IMPRESSIONS WILL CONDITION BY HALO EFFECT THE ASSESSMENTS OF OTHERS ACCORDING TO CERTAIN CENTRAL TRAITS WHICH ARE CULTURALLY REINFORCED.
Monday, 2 May 2011
Sunday, 1 May 2011
Friday, 27th April CARTOON CLASSICS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btinjqt8WII
A sentence for image.
- De-evolution
- Fake knowledge
- Denying death
- Routine mood
- Positive loss
- Useless effort
- Junta de Andalucía
- Primitive thinking in adults
- Closed blind
- Duality
- Use to suffering
- Over the top (O.T.T.)
- Life
- Better inside
- Future of the elder
- Adapting everything
- Racism
- Rescue dog
- Dog best friend
- Loyalty
- Contradiction
- Knowledge puls
- Damocles sword
- Power is dangerous
- The statue of war
- Tripping on the same stone
- Problems are at home
- Natural selection
- War: a touch of a bottom
- Hidden intentions of war
- No escape
- Two faces, one cloth
- Burka passport
- Boom fashion
- Fashion victims
- Faith saves
- War disbelieved
- Anger rooted
- Fear of war
- Untruthful agreement
- Majority influence
- Shooting words
- Isolated readers
- Capitalism
- The upper, the cleaner
- Shouting for peace
- Greenless world
- Artificial world
Tuesday, 26 April 2011
DICTIONARY
11th April, 2011. COMMUNICATION'S PRACTICE
The picture that was used.
NEW DEBATE!
So read this article and give your opinion.
CLICK HERE! http://blogspot.com/2011/05/los-puercoespines-antonio-gala.html
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
RESEARCH PROJECT SOURCES
Here there are some links for your projects!
Take a look!
PSYCHO-DIEM: USEFUL LINKS FOR YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT
http://www.catequesisnavarra.org/spip.php?article11
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/documcate/
http://www.parroquiasandiego.es/joomla/attachments/745_09.GRUPO%20DE%20CATEQUESIS.pdf
http://www.cenacat.org/uploads/animacion_de_grupos_-_pgina_web.pdf
http://203.10.46.30/mre/cdrom/history_of_the_term_catechesis.htm
http://www.bob-rice.com/bob-rice.com/Writings_files/0801%20Missionary%20Nature.pdf
http://faculty.xavierhs.org/nogas/Seniors/Articles/byroncst.pdf
http://www.passingonthefaith.org.uk/docs/WHOLE%20PARISH%20CATECHESIS%20notes.pdf
UMAMI´S RESEARCH PROJECT
SCOUT GROUP
http://www.scouts-es.org/grupos/inicio.php
http://scout.org/en/around_the_world/countries/national_scout_organisations
http://programadejovenes.org/category/desencadena2/
http://nuamana.freewebhostx.com/UNA%20TEORIA%20DESDE%20LA%20EXPERIENCIA%20SCOUT.pdf
http://mx.scouts-es.net/biblioteca_scout/Apuntes_para_Scouters_de_Scout.pdf
http://www.csi-csif.es/andalucia/modules/mod_ense/revista/pdf/Numero_15/ELENA_RAMIREZ_1.pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02548.x/abstract
http://www.boyscouttrail.com/boy-scouts/1st-scout-schedule.asp
http://usscouts.org/advance/boyscout/bsranks.asp
http://www.reocities.com/rememosjuntos/grupo/Valores.pdf
http://socialpsicologia.blogspot.com/2008/11/grupo-scout-y-su-significado-en-la-vida.html
http://base-scout.sos4um.net/t60-teoria-y-psicologia-de-la-supervivencia
http://www.mimandote.com/blog/educar-hoy/35456-educacion-no-formal-movimiento-scout
http://es.shvoong.com/humanities/1740591-los-boys-scouts-nacieron-del/
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_group_of_scouts
http://my.simmons.edu/services/technology/ptrc/pdf/designing_groupwork.pdf
http://www.med.wright.edu/aa/facdev/_Files/PDFfiles/ThreeKeys.pdf
http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/intech/cooperativelearning.htm
Group work at nursing homes for the elderly
http://rsw.sagepub.com/content/1/4/358
http://seniors.lovetoknow.com/Nursing_Home_Activities_Ideas
http://www.ehow.com/list_7193891_safe-activities-elderly.html
http://www.nursinghomerank.com/nursing-home-care/nursing-home-activities.php
http://www.livestrong.com/article/8997-choose-social-activities-elderly/
http://www.asilosparaancianos.com/actividades-ancianos.php
http://www.uv.es/melendez/envejecimiento/Cambio%20y%20socializacion.pdf
http://www.vejezyvida.com/category/actividades-en-grupo-para-residencias/
http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/animacion-sociocultural-en-residencias-para-ancianos.html
http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/gericuba/el_hilo_de_ariadna_en_los_adultos_mayores.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7499622
Thursday, 7 April 2011
Sunday, 27 March 2011
Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety
This was the first scale we developed in our work on communication apprehension. It is highly reliable (alpha estimates >.90) but it focuses strictly on public speaking anxiety. Hence, we moved on to develop the PRCA and ultimately the PRCA-24. This is an excellent measure for research which centers on public speaking anxiety, but is an inadequate measure of the broader communication apprehension construct.
Directions: Below are 34 statements that people sometimes make about themselves. Please indicate whether or not you believe each statement applies to you by marking whether you:
Strongly Disagree = 1; Disagree = 2; Neutral = 3; Agree = 4; Strogly Agree = 5.
Answer
Here
4____1 While preparing for giving a speech, I feel tense and nervous.
4____2. I feel tense when I see the words “speeck” and “public speech” on a course outline when
studying
3____3. My thoughts become confused and jumbled when I am giving a speech.
4____4. Right after giving a speech that I have had a pleasant experience.
3____5. I get anxious when I think about a speech coming up
2____6. I have no fear of giving a speech.
2____7. Although I am nervous just before starting a speech, I soon settle down after starting and
feel calm and comfortable.
3_
___8. I look forward to giving a speech
4____9. When the instructor announces a speaking assignment in class, I can feel myself getting calm.
3____10. My hands tremble when I am giving a speech.
2____11. I feel relaxed while giving a speech.
2____12. I enjoy preparing for a speech.
4____13. I am in constant fear of forgetting what I prepared to say.
3____14. I get anxious if someone asks me something about my topic that I don't know.
2____15. I face the prospect of giving a speech with confidence.
3____16. I feel that I am in complete possesion of my self while giving a speech.
3____17. My mind is clear when giving a speech.
2____18. I do not read giving a speech.
3____19. I perspire hust before starting a speech.
4____20. My heart beats vey fast just as I start a speech.
4____21. I experience considerable anxiety while sitting in the room just before my speech starts.
3____22. Certain parts of my body feel very tense and rigid while giving a speech.
3____23. Realizing that only a little time remains in a speech makes me very tense and anxious.
2____24. While giving a speech, I know I can control my feelings of tension and stress
4____25. I breathe faster just before starting a speech.
2____26. I feel comfortable and relaxed in the hour or so just before giving a speech
4____27. I do poorer on speech because I am anxious.
2____28. I feel anxious when the teacher announces the date of a speaking assignment.
2____29. When I make a mistake while giving a speech, I find it hard to concentrate on the parts that follow.
1____30. During an important speech I experience a feeling of helplessness building up inside me.
2____31. I have trouble falling asleep the night before a speech
4____32. My heart beats very fast while I present a speech.
4____33. I feel anxious while waiting to give my speech.
2____34. While giving a speech, I get so nervous I forget facts I really know.
99
29 STEP 2
55 STEP 1
TOTAL SCORE 98
Strongly Disagree = 1; Disagree = 2; Neutral = 3; Agree = 4; Strogly Agree = 5.
77824636 74
Friday, 25 March 2011
CONFRONTING IDEAS, SHARING VIEWS
It is about expressing the point of view on one of the ideas that are facing, divided by VS (Versus). Each participant will have to give the group noun and him/her own noun. E.g. Esther, UMAMI.
Let's Classify!
- Be aware of the complexity of group´s nature
- Learn certain definitions of a group
- Compare and classify definitions
- Learn what is the group graded definition
- Create a SPSS matrix
Stages
- READ YOUR STRIP OF PAPER. DO NOT COMMENT ON IT. IDENTIFY MAIN VARIABLES AND THE PERSPECTIVE.
- SEARCH THROUGH THE CLASS TO FIND OTHER SIMILAR DEFINITIONS. IDENTIFY THE AUTHOR; TALK RATHER THAN READ. CLUSTER YOURSELVES! IDENTIFY COMMON VARIABLES.
- ACCORDING TO THE COMMON CHART, PLACE 1 OR 0 IN EACH COLUMN.
LIST OF CATEGORIES:
CLUSTERING GROUP DEFINITIONS
- AFFECTION
- AIMS/ TARGET / OBJECTIVES / FUNCTION
- BEHAVIOURS
- DEPENDENCY
- DYNAMIC
- FEELINGS
- FREQUENCY
- IDENTIFICATION/IDENTITY
- INTERACTIONS
- INTERDEPENDENCE
- INTEREST
- MOTIVATION
- NEEDS
- RELATION
- ROLES
- RULES-NORMS
- SATISFACTION
- SET OF
- SYSTEM
- UNICY-UNITY (self-perception – cohesion-uniqueness)
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
INTERACTION-AIMS
6. PEÑA BATZÁN (1985). Conjunto de personas que interactúan entre sí y tienen objetivos comunes.
7. KELLY Y THIBAUT (1959). Existencia de tareas comunes en torno a las cuales se establece una serie de interacciones interdependientes con el fin de llevarlas a cabo.
9. NEWCOMB (1976): Dos o más personas que comparten normas con respecto a ciertos objetivos y cuyos roles sociales están estrechamente intervinculados.
5. MERTON (1957): Conjunto determinado de personas que interactúan entre sí según unos patrones previamente establecidos.
PERCEPTION & INFLUENCE
4. CARTWRIGHT y ZANDER (1968): Cualquier número de personas que entablan una interacción entre sí en una sola o varias reuniones en las cuales cada miembro recibe una impresión o percepción de los demás lo suficientemente clara como para poder actuar como individuo.
11. HOMANS (1950): El grupo se define por la frecuencia de interacción de sus miembros; no es la mera suma de relaciones sino que los individuos van a influirse mutuamente.
BASIC FUNCTIONAL (INTER)DEPENDENCY
3. BASS (1960). Relaciones, objetivos y otros que conforman al grupo y constituyen una forma de satisfacción para los individuos.
13 McDAVID y HARARI (1968). Sistema organizado de dos o más individuos que lleva a cabo una función a través de relaciones de rol y con un conjunto de normas que los regulan.
8. BRODECK (1958). El grupo es la suma de individuos situados en medio de unas relaciones descriptivas de dependencia mutua.
Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups)
IDENTIFICATION & MOTIVATION
SCHEIDLINGER (1952): Cuando los miembros poseen un modelo colectivo con el que se identifican (objetivos comunes). Esta identificación les hace compartir una serie de conductas y objetos determinados
14. DEUS (1943). Cuando se producen interpretaciones motivacionales, esto es, intereses y objetivos de una persona hace que los demás se muevan y se motiven.
UNITY-UNICY
12 SMITH (1945). Conjunto de organismos separados que poseen una percepción común colectiva de su propia unidad y tienden a actuar de modo unitario en el ambiente.
2. FISHER (1990). Conjunto social, identificable y estructurado, caracterizado por un número restringido de individuos y en el interior del cual éstos establecen lazos recíprocos y desempeñan roles conforme a unas normas de conducta y valores comunes en la persecución de sus objetivos.
MISCELANEOUS
10. COOLEY (1902). Existencia de relaciones directas, vínculos personales, y sentimientos de cohesión.
17. LEWIN (1952). Un conjunto dinámico de miembros los cuales dependen los unos de los otros para conseguir un objetivo común.
15. STOGDILL (1959). Sistema de interacción abierto en el que las acciones de los sujetos determinan su estructura y las sucesivas interacciones entre ellos ejercen una influencia equivalente sobre su identidad.
16. SHAW (1976): Un conjunto de personas cuya existencia individual en relación con los demás es necesaria para la satisfacción de las necesidades de todos los miembros.
SMALL QUESTIONNAIRE
The other day we did a questionnaire in which we answered different questions of our lives, most of them related to our English level. And here it is a summary of it.
Most of us started to study English at school and continued till Bachillerato. Some students have the First Certificate, others have Trinity’s high levels, although most of us do not have any of it. Nevertheless, we practice English by reading, watching films, listening to music and also speaking with native friends. Even there are students whose parents are native. Moreover, most of us have traveled to many English-speaking-countries, England, Ireland and Amsterdam are the most common. And I forgot the ERASMUS boy. So, most of us have written that our English is good and it improves if we write it. Well, maybe it isn’t my case!(sorry, I’m trying to do my best). Which are our weaknesses? Speaking, listening, and reading/vocabulary, also some of us get very nervous, others think that we speak slowly, and we have terrible problems when we speak in front of the class. Also, some of us commit grammatical mistakes and others speak so quickly, forgetting what they are saying… Self-confidence and hope! About activities and role of the teacher we prefer, it’s great to know that all of us like dynamics so we are open to new activities, and we also prefer a teacher who guide our knowledge and transmit us motivation for the subject, even though we may not be interested. Finally, out of class we love reading the same things, topics like psychology, music, politician, science and spiritual themes. To sum up, perhaps we seem so different but we have lots of things in common after all.
ENGLISH LEVEL TEST- A1 BEGINNER
4/03/2011
Mean= 5 mistakes
Frequently mistakes:
4. Sally's pretty and they are, too*
Instead of: Sally's pretty and they're too
12. Jack is writing with pen.*
Instead of: Jack is writing on paper
19. What a lovely food.*
Instead of: What lovely food.
23. Was the Frenh women old?*
Instead of: Were the French women old?
NEW WORKING GROUPS
A1
POW
"Psychology Of the World"
Components:
Cid Sánchez, Joaquín
Díaz Quintana, Pilar
Egozcüe Pérez, Jennifer
García Martín, Marina
Gómez Marín, Elena
López Cabrera, Rocío
UMAMI-FLAVOURED
Their logo is GLUTAMATO, may be we should call him Super Glutamato.
As they said: “We like this word, UMAMI sounds good!”
Here they are!
Aguilar Rodríguez, María
Armesto Luque, Laura
Avilés Osborne, Cecilia
Belza Cejas, Ester
Caballero Benítez, Paula
Camacho del Moral, Jésica
Carrera García, Pablo
Casado Caballero, Virginia
A2
PSYCHO-HANDS
This group have designed an original logo made by five hands that are surrounding another one in the middle of the picture, all of it with a grate combination of colours.
And they are:
López Navarro, María
Rodríguez Hiruela, Valle
Matías García, José Antonio
Martín, Ana
Martínez, Ana
Moreno Martínez, José Antonio
Priego Ojeda, María
Ruiz Benito, Laura
PSYCHO-DIEM
It seems like Carpe-diem... They chose this name for one reason: they enjoy studying Psychology! Their logo shows that to us with a hand hanging the Y of Psychology.
Vázquez Navarro, Marina
Rubio Méndez, Cristina
Soto Santamaría, Diana
Romero Pender, Kevin
English Test - Elementary
Percentage of Right Answers:
10 answers: 4%
13 answers: 4%
15 answers: 8%
17 answers; 20%
20 answers: 4%
21 answers: 12%
22 answers: 12%
23 answers: 8%
24 answers: 12%
25 answers: 16%
Mean = 20'2
Standard Deviation = 4'203
Thursday, 10 March 2011
March 26th: COMPETITION
Which are the three main aspects that define primary groups?
2) Which are the three phases of Bales' model?
3) How is position sustained in formal relationships?
4) Explain three differences between primary groups and formal groups.
5) What do we understand by affective integration when regarding to Moreland's Social Integration model?
6) What does "social loafing" mean? Describe it applying it to the group’s development.
7) Explain three different classifications of group techniques, regarding the targets.
8) Explain the voluntariness of membership in a primary group and its length in time.
9) List and explain the four phases through which the group's development goes, according to Tuckman's model.
10) Define membership and explain its two components.
11) Besides of the number of members that makes the group, what is it that determines whether it is considered as a big or small group?
12) Which are the models that are characterized by the absence of any kind of phases during the group's development?
13) What is the relationship between status and social position?
14) Mention three different traits which characterize the setting-up of a group.
15) Describe the lineal models that explain the group's development.
16) Explain the different kinds of non-functional behaviour in social roles.
17) What are the main traits of non-lineal models?
18) Which are the criteria of group techniques’ election?
19) Which are the types of groups regarding external traits in relation to membership?
20) What are group techniques?
21) Describe briefly McGraths model for group’s development.
22) What is the summarizing role's function inside a group?
23) List the election criteria of group techniques that can tell us whether that chosen technique is suitable or not.
24) Could a membership group be a reference group at the same time?
25) According to Bales' model, which are the two needs between which individuals have to divide their effort?
26) Which are the main features that differ formal group from informal groups?
27) What does Moreland's Social Integration process consist on?
28) In which circumstances do social loafing effect and social facilitation effect appear?
29) List three aims that group techniques try to reach.